Jackson Data Binding Source Code

Jackson is "the Java JSON library" or "the best JSON parser for Java". Or simply as "JSON for Java".

  • Jackson Data Binding module allows you to converts JSON to and from POJO (Plain Old Java Object) using property accessor or using annotations.
  • Jackson Databind Source Code files are provided in the source packge (jackson-databind-2.14.0-sources.jar). You can download it at Jackson Maven Website.

    You can also browse Jackson Databind Source Code below:

    ✍: FYIcenter.com

    com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/type/TypeFactory.java

    package com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.type;
    
    import java.util.*;
    import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
    import java.lang.reflect.*;
    
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.ArrayBuilders;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.ClassUtil;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.LRUMap;
    import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.LookupCache;
    
    /**
     * Class used for creating concrete {@link JavaType} instances,
     * given various inputs.
     *<p>
     * Instances of this class are accessible using {@link com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper}
     * as well as many objects it constructs (like
    * {@link com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.DeserializationConfig} and
     * {@link com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationConfig})),
     * but usually those objects also 
     * expose convenience methods (<code>constructType</code>).
     * So, you can do for example:
     *<pre>
     *   JavaType stringType = mapper.constructType(String.class);
     *</pre>
     * However, more advanced methods are only exposed by factory so that you
     * may need to use:
     *<pre>
     *   JavaType stringCollection = mapper.getTypeFactory().constructCollectionType(List.class, String.class);
     *</pre>
     *<p>
     * Note on optimizations: generic type parameters are resolved for all types, with following
     * exceptions:
     *<ul>
     *  <li>For optimization purposes, type resolution is skipped for following commonly seen
     * types that do have type parameters, but ones that are rarely needed:
     *     <ul>
     *       <li>{@link java.lang.Enum}: Self-referential type reference is simply dropped and
     *       Class is exposed as a simple, non-parameterized {@link SimpleType}
     *        </li>
     *       <li>{@link java.lang.Comparable}: Type parameter is simply dropped and and
     *       interface is exposed as a simple, non-parameterized {@link SimpleType}
     *        </li>
     *       <li>Up until Jackson 2.13, {@link java.lang.Class} type parameter was dropped; resolution
     *         was added back in Jackson 2.14.
     *        </li>
     *     </ul>
     *   </li>
     *  <li>For {@link java.util.Collection} subtypes, resolved type is ALWAYS the parameter for
     *     {link java.util.Collection} and not that of actually resolved subtype.
     *     This is usually (but not always) same parameter.
     *   </li>
     *  <li>For {@link java.util.Map} subtypes, resolved type is ALWAYS the parameter for
     *     {link java.util.Map} and not that of actually resolved subtype.
     *     These are usually (but not always) same parameters.
     *   </li>
     *</ul>
     */
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes" })
    public class TypeFactory // note: was final in 2.9, removed from 2.10
        implements java.io.Serializable
    {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    
        private final static JavaType[] NO_TYPES = new JavaType[0];
    
        /**
         * Globally shared singleton. Not accessed directly; non-core
         * code should use per-ObjectMapper instance (via configuration objects).
         * Core Jackson code uses {@link #defaultInstance} for accessing it.
         */
        protected final static TypeFactory instance = new TypeFactory();
    
        protected final static TypeBindings EMPTY_BINDINGS = TypeBindings.emptyBindings();
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Constants for "well-known" classes
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        // // // Let's assume that a small set of core primitive/basic types
        // // // will not be modified, and can be freely shared to streamline
        // // // parts of processing
    
        private final static Class<?> CLS_STRING = String.class;
        private final static Class<?> CLS_OBJECT = Object.class;
    
        private final static Class<?> CLS_COMPARABLE = Comparable.class;
        private final static Class<?> CLS_ENUM = Enum.class;
        private final static Class<?> CLS_JSON_NODE = JsonNode.class; // since 2.10
    
        private final static Class<?> CLS_BOOL = Boolean.TYPE;
        private final static Class<?> CLS_INT = Integer.TYPE;
        private final static Class<?> CLS_LONG = Long.TYPE;
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Cached pre-constructed JavaType instances
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        // note: these are primitive, hence no super types
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_BOOL = new SimpleType(CLS_BOOL);
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_INT = new SimpleType(CLS_INT);
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_LONG = new SimpleType(CLS_LONG);
    
        // and as to String... well, for now, ignore its super types
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_STRING = new SimpleType(CLS_STRING);
    
        // @since 2.7
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_OBJECT = new SimpleType(CLS_OBJECT);
    
        /**
         * Cache {@link Comparable} because it is both parameteric (relatively costly to
         * resolve) and mostly useless (no special handling), better handle directly
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_COMPARABLE = new SimpleType(CLS_COMPARABLE);
    
        /**
         * Cache {@link Enum} because it is parametric AND self-referential (costly to
         * resolve) and useless in itself (no special handling).
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_ENUM = new SimpleType(CLS_ENUM);
    
        /**
         * Cache {@link JsonNode} because it is no critical path of simple tree model
         * reading and does not have things to override
         *
         * @since 2.10
         */
        protected final static SimpleType CORE_TYPE_JSON_NODE = new SimpleType(CLS_JSON_NODE);
    
        /**
         * Since type resolution can be expensive (specifically when resolving
         * actual generic types), we will use small cache to avoid repetitive
         * resolution of core types
         */
        protected final LookupCache<Object,JavaType> _typeCache;
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Configuration
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Registered {@link TypeModifier}s: objects that can change details
         * of {@link JavaType} instances factory constructs.
         */
        protected final TypeModifier[] _modifiers;
    
        protected final TypeParser _parser;
        
        /**
         * ClassLoader used by this factory [databind#624].
         */
        protected final ClassLoader _classLoader;
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Life-cycle
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        private TypeFactory() {
            this((LookupCache<Object,JavaType>) null);
        }
    
        /**
         * @since 2.8
         * @deprecated Since 2.12
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.12
        protected TypeFactory(LRUMap<Object,JavaType> typeCache) {
            this((LookupCache<Object,JavaType>) typeCache);
        }
    
        /**
         * @since 2.12
         */
        protected TypeFactory(LookupCache<Object,JavaType> typeCache) {
            if (typeCache == null) {
                typeCache = new LRUMap<>(16, 200);
            }
            _typeCache = typeCache;
            _parser = new TypeParser(this);
            _modifiers = null;
            _classLoader = null;
        }
    
        /**
         * @deprecated Since 2.12
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.12
        protected TypeFactory(LRUMap<Object,JavaType> typeCache, TypeParser p,
                TypeModifier[] mods, ClassLoader classLoader)
        {
            this((LookupCache<Object,JavaType>) typeCache, p, mods, classLoader);
        }
    
        /**
         * @since 2.12
         */
        protected TypeFactory(LookupCache<Object,JavaType> typeCache, TypeParser p,
                              TypeModifier[] mods, ClassLoader classLoader)
        {
            if (typeCache == null) {
                typeCache = new LRUMap<>(16, 200);
            }
            _typeCache = typeCache;
            // As per [databind#894] must ensure we have back-linkage from TypeFactory:
            _parser = p.withFactory(this);
            _modifiers = mods;
            _classLoader = classLoader;
        }
    
        /**
         * "Mutant factory" method which will construct a new instance with specified
         * {@link TypeModifier} added as the first modifier to call (in case there
         * are multiple registered).
         */
        public TypeFactory withModifier(TypeModifier mod) 
        {
            LookupCache<Object,JavaType> typeCache = _typeCache;
            TypeModifier[] mods;
            if (mod == null) { // mostly for unit tests
                mods = null;
                // 30-Jun-2016, tatu: for some reason expected semantics are to clear cache
                //    in this case; can't recall why, but keeping the same
                typeCache = null;
            } else if (_modifiers == null) {
                mods = new TypeModifier[] { mod };
                // 29-Jul-2019, tatu: Actually I think we better clear cache in this case
                //    as well to ensure no leakage occurs (see [databind#2395])
                typeCache = null;
            } else {
                // but may keep existing cache otherwise
                mods = ArrayBuilders.insertInListNoDup(_modifiers, mod);
            }
            return new TypeFactory(typeCache, _parser, mods, _classLoader);
        }
    
        /**
         * "Mutant factory" method which will construct a new instance with specified
         * {@link ClassLoader} to use by {@link #findClass}.
         */
        public TypeFactory withClassLoader(ClassLoader classLoader) {
            return new TypeFactory(_typeCache, _parser, _modifiers, classLoader);
        }
    
        /**
         * Mutant factory method that will construct new {@link TypeFactory} with
         * identical settings except for different cache; most likely one with
         * bigger maximum size.
         *
         * @since 2.8
         * @deprecated Since 2.12
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.12
        public TypeFactory withCache(LRUMap<Object,JavaType> cache)  {
            return new TypeFactory(cache, _parser, _modifiers, _classLoader);
        }
    
        /**
         * Mutant factory method that will construct new {@link TypeFactory} with
         * identical settings except for different cache; most likely one with
         * bigger maximum size.
         *
         * @since 2.12
         */
        public TypeFactory withCache(LookupCache<Object,JavaType> cache)  {
            return new TypeFactory(cache, _parser, _modifiers, _classLoader);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method used to access the globally shared instance, which has
         * no custom configuration. Used by <code>ObjectMapper</code> to
         * get the default factory when constructed.
         */
        public static TypeFactory defaultInstance() { return instance; }
    
        /**
         * Method that will clear up any cached type definitions that may
         * be cached by this {@link TypeFactory} instance.
         * This method should not be commonly used, that is, only use it
         * if you know there is a problem with retention of type definitions;
         * the most likely (and currently only known) problem is retention
         * of {@link Class} instances via {@link JavaType} reference.
         *
         * @since 2.4.1
         */
        public void clearCache() {
            _typeCache.clear();
        }
    
        public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
            return _classLoader;
        }
        
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Static methods for non-instance-specific functionality
        /**********************************************************
         */
        
        /**
         * Method for constructing a marker type that indicates missing generic
         * type information, which is handled same as simple type for
         * <code>java.lang.Object</code>.
         */
        public static JavaType unknownType() {
            return defaultInstance()._unknownType();
        }
    
        /**
         * Static helper method that can be called to figure out type-erased
         * call for given JDK type. It can be called statically since type resolution
         * process can never change actual type-erased class; thereby static
         * default instance is used for determination.
         */
        public static Class<?> rawClass(Type t) {
            if (t instanceof Class<?>) {
                return (Class<?>) t;
            }
            // Should be able to optimize bit more in future...
            return defaultInstance().constructType(t).getRawClass();
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Low-level helper methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Low-level lookup method moved from {@link com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.ClassUtil},
         * to allow for overriding of lookup functionality in environments like OSGi.
         *
         * @since 2.6
         */
        public Class<?> findClass(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException
        {
            if (className.indexOf('.') < 0) {
                Class<?> prim = _findPrimitive(className);
                if (prim != null) {
                    return prim;
                }
            }
            // Two-phase lookup: first using context ClassLoader; then default
            Throwable prob = null;
            ClassLoader loader = this.getClassLoader();
            if (loader == null) {
                loader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            }
            if (loader != null) {
                try {
                    return classForName(className, true, loader);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    prob = ClassUtil.getRootCause(e);
                }
            }
            try {
                return classForName(className);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                if (prob == null) {
                    prob = ClassUtil.getRootCause(e);
                }
            }
            ClassUtil.throwIfRTE(prob);
            throw new ClassNotFoundException(prob.getMessage(), prob);
        }
        
        protected Class<?> classForName(String name, boolean initialize,
                ClassLoader loader) throws ClassNotFoundException {
            return Class.forName(name, true, loader);
        }
        
        protected Class<?> classForName(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
            return Class.forName(name);
        }
    
        protected Class<?> _findPrimitive(String className)
        {
            if ("int".equals(className)) return Integer.TYPE;
            if ("long".equals(className)) return Long.TYPE;
            if ("float".equals(className)) return Float.TYPE;
            if ("double".equals(className)) return Double.TYPE;
            if ("boolean".equals(className)) return Boolean.TYPE;
            if ("byte".equals(className)) return Byte.TYPE;
            if ("char".equals(className)) return Character.TYPE;
            if ("short".equals(className)) return Short.TYPE;
            if ("void".equals(className)) return Void.TYPE;
            return null;
        }
        
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Type conversion, parameterization resolution methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Factory method for creating a subtype of given base type, as defined
         * by specified subclass; but retaining generic type information if any.
         * Can be used, for example, to get equivalent of "HashMap&lt;String,Integer&gt;"
         * from "Map&lt;String,Integer&gt;" by giving <code>HashMap.class</code>
         * as subclass.
         * Short-cut for:
         *<pre>
         * constructSpecializedType(baseType, subclass, class);
         *</pre>
         * that is, will use "strict" compatibility checking, usually used for
         * deserialization purposes (but often not for serialization).
         */
        public JavaType constructSpecializedType(JavaType baseType, Class<?> subclass)
            throws IllegalArgumentException
        {
            return constructSpecializedType(baseType, subclass, false);
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method for creating a subtype of given base type, as defined
         * by specified subclass; but retaining generic type information if any.
         * Can be used, for example, to get equivalent of "HashMap&lt;String,Integer&gt;"
         * from "Map&lt;String,Integer&gt;" by giving <code>HashMap.class</code>
         * as subclass.
         * 
         * @param baseType Declared base type with resolved type parameters
         * @param subclass Runtime subtype to use for resolving
         * @param relaxedCompatibilityCheck Whether checking for type-assignment compatibility
         *    should be "relaxed" ({@code true}) or "strict" ({@code false}): typically
         *    serialization uses relaxed, deserialization strict checking.
         *
         * @return Resolved sub-type
         *
         * @since 2.11
         */
        public JavaType constructSpecializedType(JavaType baseType, Class<?> subclass,
                boolean relaxedCompatibilityCheck)
            throws IllegalArgumentException
        {
            // simple optimization to avoid costly introspection if type-erased type does NOT differ
            final Class<?> rawBase = baseType.getRawClass();
            if (rawBase == subclass) {
                return baseType;
            }
            JavaType newType;
    
            // also: if we start from untyped, not much to save
            do { // bogus loop to be able to break
                if (rawBase == Object.class) {
                    newType = _fromClass(null, subclass, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
                    break;
                }
                if (!rawBase.isAssignableFrom(subclass)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Class %s not subtype of %s",
                            ClassUtil.nameOf(subclass), ClassUtil.getTypeDescription(baseType)
                    ));
                }
                // A few special cases where we can simplify handling:
    
                // (1) A small set of "well-known" List/Map subtypes where can take a short-cut
                if (baseType.isContainerType()) {
                    if (baseType.isMapLikeType()) {
                        if ((subclass == HashMap.class)
                                || (subclass == LinkedHashMap.class)
                                || (subclass == EnumMap.class)
                                || (subclass == TreeMap.class)) {
                            newType = _fromClass(null, subclass,
                                    TypeBindings.create(subclass, baseType.getKeyType(), baseType.getContentType()));
                            break;
                        }
                    } else if (baseType.isCollectionLikeType()) {
                        if ((subclass == ArrayList.class)
                                || (subclass == LinkedList.class)
                                || (subclass == HashSet.class)
                                || (subclass == TreeSet.class)) {
                            newType = _fromClass(null, subclass,
                                    TypeBindings.create(subclass, baseType.getContentType()));
                            break;
                        }
                        // 29-Oct-2015, tatu: One further shortcut: there are variants of `EnumSet`,
                        //    but they are impl details and we basically do not care...
                        if (rawBase == EnumSet.class) {
                            return baseType;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // (2) Original target type has no generics -- just resolve subtype
                if (baseType.getBindings().isEmpty()) {
                    newType = _fromClass(null, subclass, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
                    break;
                }
    
                // (3) Sub-class does not take type parameters -- just resolve subtype
                int typeParamCount = subclass.getTypeParameters().length;
                if (typeParamCount == 0) {
                    newType = _fromClass(null, subclass, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
                    break;
                }
                // (4) If all else fails, do the full traversal using placeholders
                TypeBindings tb = _bindingsForSubtype(baseType, typeParamCount,
                        subclass, relaxedCompatibilityCheck);
                newType = _fromClass(null, subclass, tb);
    
            } while (false);
    
            // 25-Sep-2016, tatu: As per [databind#1384] also need to ensure handlers get
            //   copied as well
            newType = newType.withHandlersFrom(baseType);
            return newType;
        }
    
        private TypeBindings _bindingsForSubtype(JavaType baseType, int typeParamCount,
                Class<?> subclass, boolean relaxedCompatibilityCheck)
        {
            PlaceholderForType[] placeholders = new PlaceholderForType[typeParamCount];
            for (int i = 0; i < typeParamCount; ++i) {
                placeholders[i] = new PlaceholderForType(i);
            }
            TypeBindings b = TypeBindings.create(subclass, placeholders);
            // First: pseudo-resolve to get placeholders in place:
            JavaType tmpSub = _fromClass(null, subclass, b);
            // Then find super-type
            JavaType baseWithPlaceholders = tmpSub.findSuperType(baseType.getRawClass());
            if (baseWithPlaceholders == null) { // should be found but...
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                        "Internal error: unable to locate supertype (%s) from resolved subtype %s", baseType.getRawClass().getName(),
                        subclass.getName()));
            }
            // and traverse type hierarchies to both verify and to resolve placeholders
            String error = _resolveTypePlaceholders(baseType, baseWithPlaceholders);
            if (error != null) {
                // 28-Mar-2020, tatu: As per [databind#2632], need to ignore the issue in
                //   some cases. For now, just fully ignore; may need to refine in future
                if (!relaxedCompatibilityCheck) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Failed to specialize base type "+baseType.toCanonical()+" as "
                            +subclass.getName()+", problem: "+error);
                }
            }
    
            final JavaType[] typeParams = new JavaType[typeParamCount];
            for (int i = 0; i < typeParamCount; ++i) {
                JavaType t = placeholders[i].actualType();
                // 18-Oct-2017, tatu: Looks like sometimes we have incomplete bindings (even if not
                //     common, it is possible if subtype is type-erased class with added type
                //     variable -- see test(s) with "bogus" type(s)).
                if (t == null) {
                    t = unknownType();
                }
                typeParams[i] = t;
            }
            return TypeBindings.create(subclass, typeParams);
        }
    
        private String _resolveTypePlaceholders(JavaType sourceType, JavaType actualType)
            throws IllegalArgumentException
        {
            List<JavaType> expectedTypes = sourceType.getBindings().getTypeParameters();
            List<JavaType> actualTypes = actualType.getBindings().getTypeParameters();
    
            final int actCount = actualTypes.size();
    
            for (int i = 0, expCount = expectedTypes.size(); i < expCount; ++i) {
                JavaType exp = expectedTypes.get(i);
                JavaType act = (i < actCount) ? actualTypes.get(i) : unknownType();
    
                if (!_verifyAndResolvePlaceholders(exp, act)) {
                    // 14-May-2018, tatu: As per [databind#2034] it seems we better relax assignment
                    //   rules further -- at least likely "raw" (untyped, non-generic) base should probably
                    //   allow specialization.
                    if (exp.hasRawClass(Object.class)) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    // 19-Apr-2018, tatu: Hack for [databind#1964] -- allow type demotion
                    //    for `java.util.Map` key type if (and only if) target type is
                    //    `java.lang.Object`
                    // 19-Aug-2019, tatu: Further, allow for all Map-like types, with assumption
                    //    first argument would be key; initially just because Scala Maps have
                    //    some issues (see [databind#2422])
                    if (i == 0) {
                        if (sourceType.isMapLikeType()
                                && act.hasRawClass(Object.class)) {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    // 19-Nov-2018, tatu: To solve [databind#2155], let's allow type-compatible
                    //   assignment for interfaces at least...
                    if (exp.isInterface()) {
                        if (exp.isTypeOrSuperTypeOf(act.getRawClass())) {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    return String.format("Type parameter #%d/%d differs; can not specialize %s with %s",
                            (i+1), expCount, exp.toCanonical(), act.toCanonical());
                }
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        private boolean _verifyAndResolvePlaceholders(JavaType exp, JavaType act)
        {
            // See if we have an actual type placeholder to resolve; if yes, replace
            if (act instanceof PlaceholderForType) {
                ((PlaceholderForType) act).actualType(exp);
                return true;
            }
            // if not, try to verify compatibility. But note that we can not
            // use simple equality as we need to resolve recursively
            if (exp.getRawClass() != act.getRawClass()) {
                return false;
            }
            // But we can check type parameters "blindly"
            List<JavaType> expectedTypes = exp.getBindings().getTypeParameters();
            List<JavaType> actualTypes = act.getBindings().getTypeParameters();
            for (int i = 0, len = expectedTypes.size(); i < len; ++i) {
                JavaType exp2 = expectedTypes.get(i);
                JavaType act2 = actualTypes.get(i);
                if (!_verifyAndResolvePlaceholders(exp2, act2)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }
    
        /**
         * Method similar to {@link #constructSpecializedType}, but that creates a
         * less-specific type of given type. Usually this is as simple as simply
         * finding super-type with type erasure of <code>superClass</code>, but
         * there may be need for some additional work-arounds.
         *
         * @param superClass
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        public JavaType constructGeneralizedType(JavaType baseType, Class<?> superClass)
        {
            // simple optimization to avoid costly introspection if type-erased type does NOT differ
            final Class<?> rawBase = baseType.getRawClass();
            if (rawBase == superClass) {
                return baseType;
            }
            JavaType superType = baseType.findSuperType(superClass);
            if (superType == null) {
                // Most likely, caller did not verify sub/super-type relationship
                if (!superClass.isAssignableFrom(rawBase)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                            "Class %s not a super-type of %s", superClass.getName(), baseType));
                }
                // 01-Nov-2015, tatu: Should never happen, but ch
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                        "Internal error: class %s not included as super-type for %s",
                        superClass.getName(), baseType));
            }
            return superType;
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method for constructing a {@link JavaType} out of its canonical
         * representation (see {@link JavaType#toCanonical()}).
         * 
         * @param canonical Canonical string representation of a type
         * 
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException If canonical representation is malformed,
         *   or class that type represents (including its generic parameters) is
         *   not found
         */
        public JavaType constructFromCanonical(String canonical) throws IllegalArgumentException
        {
            return _parser.parse(canonical);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that is to figure out actual type parameters that given
         * class binds to generic types defined by given (generic)
         * interface or class.
         * This could mean, for example, trying to figure out
         * key and value types for Map implementations.
         * 
         * @param type Sub-type (leaf type) that implements <code>expType</code>
         */
        public JavaType[] findTypeParameters(JavaType type, Class<?> expType)
        {
            JavaType match = type.findSuperType(expType);
            if (match == null) {
                return NO_TYPES;
            }
            return match.getBindings().typeParameterArray();
        }
    
        /**
         * @deprecated Since 2.7 resolve raw type first, then find type parameters
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.7    
        public JavaType[] findTypeParameters(Class<?> clz, Class<?> expType, TypeBindings bindings) {
            return findTypeParameters(constructType(clz, bindings), expType);
        }
        
        /**
         * @deprecated Since 2.7 resolve raw type first, then find type parameters
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.7    
        public JavaType[] findTypeParameters(Class<?> clz, Class<?> expType) {
            return findTypeParameters(constructType(clz), expType);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that can be called to figure out more specific of two
         * types (if they are related; that is, one implements or extends the
         * other); or if not related, return the primary type.
         * 
         * @param type1 Primary type to consider
         * @param type2 Secondary type to consider
         * 
         * @since 2.2
         */
        public JavaType moreSpecificType(JavaType type1, JavaType type2)
        {
            if (type1 == null) {
                return type2;
            }
            if (type2 == null) {
                return type1;
            }
            Class<?> raw1 = type1.getRawClass();
            Class<?> raw2 = type2.getRawClass();
            if (raw1 == raw2) {
                return type1;
            }
            // TODO: maybe try sub-classing, to retain generic types?
            if (raw1.isAssignableFrom(raw2)) {
                return type2;
            }
            return type1;
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Public general-purpose factory methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        public JavaType constructType(Type type) {
            return _fromAny(null, type, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
        }
    
        public JavaType constructType(TypeReference<?> typeRef)
        {
            // 19-Oct-2015, tatu: Simpler variant like so should work
            return _fromAny(null, typeRef.getType(), EMPTY_BINDINGS);
    
            // but if not, due to funky sub-classing, type variables, what follows
            // is a more complete processing a la Java ClassMate.
    
            /*
            final Class<?> refdRawType = typeRef.getClass();
            JavaType type = _fromClass(null, refdRawType, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
            JavaType genType = type.findSuperType(TypeReference.class);
            if (genType == null) { // sanity check; shouldn't occur
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unparameterized GenericType instance ("+refdRawType.getName()+")");
            }
            TypeBindings b = genType.getBindings();
            JavaType[] params = b.typeParameterArray();
            if (params.length == 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unparameterized GenericType instance ("+refdRawType.getName()+")");
            }
            return params[0];
            */
        }
    
        /**
         * Method to call when resolving types of {@link java.lang.reflect.Member}s
         * like Fields, Methods and Constructor parameters and there is a
         * {@link TypeBindings} (that describes binding of type parameters within
         * context) to pass.
         * This is typically used only by code in databind itself.
         * 
         * @param type Type of a {@link java.lang.reflect.Member} to resolve
         * @param contextBindings Type bindings from the context, often class in which
         *     member declared but may be subtype of that type (to bind actual bound
         *     type parametrers). Not used if {@code type} is of type {@code Class<?>}.
         *
         * @return Fully resolve type
         *
         * @since 2.12 as replacement for deprecated {@link #constructType(Type, TypeBindings)} 
         */
        public JavaType resolveMemberType(Type type, TypeBindings contextBindings) {
            return _fromAny(null, type, contextBindings);
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Deprecated public factory methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Method that you very likely should NOT be using -- you need to know a lot
         * about internal details of {@link TypeBindings} and even then it will probably
         * not do what you want.
         * Usually you would instead want to call one of {@code constructXxxType()}
         * methods (where {@code Xxx} would be "Array", "Collection[Like]", "Map[Like]"
         * or "Parametric").
         *
         * @deprecated Since 2.12
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.12
        public JavaType constructType(Type type, TypeBindings bindings) {
            // 15-Jun-2020, tatu: To resolve (parts of) [databind#2796], need to
            //    call _fromClass() directly if we get `Class` argument
            if (type instanceof Class<?>) {
                JavaType resultType = _fromClass(null, (Class<?>) type, bindings);
                return _applyModifiers(type, resultType);
            }
            return _fromAny(null, type, bindings);
        }
    
        /**
         * @deprecated Since 2.7 (accidentally removed in 2.7.0; added back in 2.7.1)
         */
        @Deprecated
        public JavaType constructType(Type type, Class<?> contextClass) {
            JavaType contextType = (contextClass == null) ? null : constructType(contextClass);
            return constructType(type, contextType);
        }
    
        /**
         * @deprecated Since 2.7 (accidentally removed in 2.7.0; added back in 2.7.1)
         */
        @Deprecated
        public JavaType constructType(Type type, JavaType contextType) {
            TypeBindings bindings;
            if (contextType == null) {
                bindings = EMPTY_BINDINGS;
            } else {
                bindings = contextType.getBindings();
                // 16-Nov-2016, tatu: Unfortunately as per [databind#1456] this can't
                //   be made to work for some cases used to work (even if accidentally);
                //   however, we can try a simple heuristic to increase chances of
                //   compatibility from 2.6 code
                if (type.getClass() != Class.class) {
                    // Ok: so, ideally we would test super-interfaces if necessary;
                    // but let's assume most if not all cases are for classes.
                    while (bindings.isEmpty()) {
                        contextType = contextType.getSuperClass();
                        if (contextType == null) {
                            break;
                        }
                        bindings = contextType.getBindings();
                    }
                }
            }
            return _fromAny(null, type, bindings);
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Direct factory methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing an {@link ArrayType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on array type itself; but are called
         * for element type (and other contained types)
         */
        public ArrayType constructArrayType(Class<?> elementType) {
            return ArrayType.construct(_fromAny(null, elementType, null), null);
        }
        
        /**
         * Method for constructing an {@link ArrayType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on array type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public ArrayType constructArrayType(JavaType elementType) {
            return ArrayType.construct(elementType, null);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link CollectionType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on Collection type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public CollectionType constructCollectionType(Class<? extends Collection> collectionClass,
                Class<?> elementClass) {
            return constructCollectionType(collectionClass,
                    _fromClass(null, elementClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS));
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link CollectionType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on Collection type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public CollectionType constructCollectionType(Class<? extends Collection> collectionClass,
                JavaType elementType)
        {
            TypeBindings bindings = TypeBindings.createIfNeeded(collectionClass, elementType);
            CollectionType result = (CollectionType) _fromClass(null, collectionClass, bindings);
            // 17-May-2017, tatu: As per [databind#1415], we better verify bound values if (but only if)
            //    type being resolved was non-generic (i.e.element type was ignored)
            if (bindings.isEmpty() && (elementType != null)) {
                JavaType t = result.findSuperType(Collection.class);
                JavaType realET = t.getContentType();
                if (!realET.equals(elementType)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                            "Non-generic Collection class %s did not resolve to something with element type %s but %s ",
                            ClassUtil.nameOf(collectionClass), elementType, realET));
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link CollectionLikeType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public CollectionLikeType constructCollectionLikeType(Class<?> collectionClass, Class<?> elementClass) {
            return constructCollectionLikeType(collectionClass,
                    _fromClass(null, elementClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS));
        }
        
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link CollectionLikeType}.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public CollectionLikeType constructCollectionLikeType(Class<?> collectionClass, JavaType elementType) {
            JavaType type = _fromClass(null, collectionClass,
                    TypeBindings.createIfNeeded(collectionClass, elementType));
            if (type instanceof CollectionLikeType) {
                return (CollectionLikeType) type;
            }
            return CollectionLikeType.upgradeFrom(type, elementType);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link MapType} instance
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public MapType constructMapType(Class<? extends Map> mapClass,
                Class<?> keyClass, Class<?> valueClass) {
            JavaType kt, vt;
            if (mapClass == Properties.class) {
                kt = vt = CORE_TYPE_STRING;
            } else {
                kt = _fromClass(null, keyClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
                vt = _fromClass(null, valueClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
            }
            return constructMapType(mapClass, kt, vt);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link MapType} instance
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself.
         */
        public MapType constructMapType(Class<? extends Map> mapClass, JavaType keyType, JavaType valueType) {
            TypeBindings bindings = TypeBindings.createIfNeeded(mapClass, new JavaType[] { keyType, valueType });
            MapType result = (MapType) _fromClass(null, mapClass, bindings);
            // 17-May-2017, tatu: As per [databind#1415], we better verify bound values if (but only if)
            //    type being resolved was non-generic (i.e.element type was ignored)
            if (bindings.isEmpty()) {
                JavaType t = result.findSuperType(Map.class);
                JavaType realKT = t.getKeyType();
                if (!realKT.equals(keyType)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                            "Non-generic Map class %s did not resolve to something with key type %s but %s ",
                            ClassUtil.nameOf(mapClass), keyType, realKT));
                }
                JavaType realVT = t.getContentType();
                if (!realVT.equals(valueType)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
                            "Non-generic Map class %s did not resolve to something with value type %s but %s ",
                            ClassUtil.nameOf(mapClass), valueType, realVT));
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link MapLikeType} instance
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself; but are called
         * for contained types.
         */
        public MapLikeType constructMapLikeType(Class<?> mapClass, Class<?> keyClass, Class<?> valueClass) {
            return constructMapLikeType(mapClass,
                    _fromClass(null, keyClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS),
                    _fromClass(null, valueClass, EMPTY_BINDINGS));
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link MapLikeType} instance
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself.
         */
        public MapLikeType constructMapLikeType(Class<?> mapClass, JavaType keyType, JavaType valueType) {
            // 19-Oct-2015, tatu: Allow case of no-type-variables, since it seems likely to be
            //    a valid use case here
            JavaType type = _fromClass(null, mapClass,
                    TypeBindings.createIfNeeded(mapClass, new JavaType[] { keyType, valueType }));
            if (type instanceof MapLikeType) {
                return (MapLikeType) type;
            }
            return MapLikeType.upgradeFrom(type, keyType, valueType);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a type instance with specified parameterization.
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself.
         */
        public JavaType constructSimpleType(Class<?> rawType, JavaType[] parameterTypes) {
            return _fromClass(null, rawType, TypeBindings.create(rawType, parameterTypes));
        }
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a type instance with specified parameterization.
         *
         * @since 2.6
         *
         * @deprecated Since 2.7
         */
        @Deprecated
        public JavaType constructSimpleType(Class<?> rawType, Class<?> parameterTarget,
                JavaType[] parameterTypes)
        {
            return constructSimpleType(rawType, parameterTypes);
        } 
    
        /**
         * Method for constructing a {@link ReferenceType} instance with given type parameter
         * (type MUST take one and only one type parameter)
         *<p>
         * NOTE: type modifiers are NOT called on constructed type itself.
         *
         * @since 2.6
         */
        public JavaType constructReferenceType(Class<?> rawType, JavaType referredType)
        {
            return ReferenceType.construct(rawType,
                    TypeBindings.create(rawType, referredType), // [databind#2091]
                    null, null, // or super-class, interfaces?
                    referredType);
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that use by core Databind functionality, and that should NOT be called
         * by application code outside databind package.
         *<p> 
         * Unchecked here not only means that no checks are made as to whether given class
         * might be non-simple type (like {@link CollectionType}) but also that most of supertype
         * information is not gathered. This means that unless called on primitive types or
         * {@link java.lang.String}, results are probably not what you want to use.
         *
         * @deprecated Since 2.8, to indicate users should never call this method.
         */
        @Deprecated // since 2.8
        public JavaType uncheckedSimpleType(Class<?> cls) {
            // 18-Oct-2015, tatu: Not sure how much problem missing super-type info is here
            return _constructSimple(cls, EMPTY_BINDINGS, null, null);
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method for constructing {@link JavaType} that
         * represents a parameterized type. For example, to represent
         * type {@code List<Set<Integer>>}, you could
         * call
         *<pre>
         *  JavaType inner = TypeFactory.constructParametricType(Set.class, Integer.class);
         *  return TypeFactory.constructParametricType(List.class, inner);
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * NOTE: since 2.11.2 {@link TypeModifier}s ARE called on result (fix for [databind#2796])
         * 
         * @param parametrized Type-erased type to parameterize
         * @param parameterClasses Type parameters to apply
         *
         * @since 2.5 NOTE: was briefly deprecated for 2.6
         */
        public JavaType constructParametricType(Class<?> parametrized, Class<?>... parameterClasses) {
            int len = parameterClasses.length;
            JavaType[] pt = new JavaType[len];
            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                pt[i] = _fromClass(null, parameterClasses[i], EMPTY_BINDINGS);
            }
            return constructParametricType(parametrized, pt);
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method for constructing {@link JavaType} that
         * represents a parameterized type. For example, to represent
         * type {@code List<Set<Integer>>}, you could
         *<pre>
         *  JavaType inner = TypeFactory.constructParametricType(Set.class, Integer.class);
         *  return TypeFactory.constructParametricType(List.class, inner);
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * NOTE: since 2.11.2 {@link TypeModifier}s ARE called on result (fix for [databind#2796])
         *
         * @param rawType Actual type-erased type
         * @param parameterTypes Type parameters to apply
         *
         * @return Fully resolved type for given base type and type parameters
         */
        public JavaType constructParametricType(Class<?> rawType, JavaType... parameterTypes)
        {
            return constructParametricType(rawType, TypeBindings.create(rawType, parameterTypes));
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method for constructing {@link JavaType} that
         * represents a parameterized type. The type's parameters are
         * specified as an instance of {@link TypeBindings}. This
         * is useful if you already have the type's parameters such
         * as those found on {@link JavaType}. For example, you could call
         * <pre>
         *   return TypeFactory.constructParametricType(ArrayList.class, javaType.getBindings());
         * </pre>
         * This effectively applies the parameterized types from one
         * {@link JavaType} to another class.
         *
         * @param rawType Actual type-erased type
         * @param parameterTypes Type bindings for the raw type
         *
         * @since 2.12
         */
        public JavaType constructParametricType(Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings parameterTypes)
        {
            // 16-Jul-2020, tatu: Since we do not call `_fromAny()`, need to make
            //   sure `TypeModifier`s are applied:
            JavaType resultType =  _fromClass(null, rawType, parameterTypes);
            return _applyModifiers(rawType, resultType);
        }
    
        /**
         * @since 2.5
         * @deprecated since 2.9 Use {@link #constructParametricType(Class,JavaType...)} instead
         */
        @Deprecated
        public JavaType constructParametrizedType(Class<?> parametrized, Class<?> parametersFor,
                JavaType... parameterTypes)
        {
            return constructParametricType(parametrized, parameterTypes);
        }
    
        /**
         * @since 2.5
         * @deprecated since 2.9 Use {@link #constructParametricType(Class,Class...)} instead
         */
        @Deprecated
        public JavaType constructParametrizedType(Class<?> parametrized, Class<?> parametersFor,
                Class<?>... parameterClasses)
        {
            return constructParametricType(parametrized, parameterClasses);
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Direct factory methods for "raw" variants, used when
        /* parameterization is unknown
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Method that can be used to construct "raw" Collection type; meaning that its
         * parameterization is unknown.
         * This is similar to using <code>Object.class</code> parameterization,
         * and is equivalent to calling:
         *<pre>
         *  typeFactory.constructCollectionType(collectionClass, typeFactory.unknownType());
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * This method should only be used if parameterization is completely unavailable.
         */
        public CollectionType constructRawCollectionType(Class<? extends Collection> collectionClass) {
            return constructCollectionType(collectionClass, unknownType());
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that can be used to construct "raw" Collection-like type; meaning that its
         * parameterization is unknown.
         * This is similar to using <code>Object.class</code> parameterization,
         * and is equivalent to calling:
         *<pre>
         *  typeFactory.constructCollectionLikeType(collectionClass, typeFactory.unknownType());
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * This method should only be used if parameterization is completely unavailable.
         */
        public CollectionLikeType constructRawCollectionLikeType(Class<?> collectionClass) {
            return constructCollectionLikeType(collectionClass, unknownType());
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that can be used to construct "raw" Map type; meaning that its
         * parameterization is unknown.
         * This is similar to using <code>Object.class</code> parameterization,
         * and is equivalent to calling:
         *<pre>
         *  typeFactory.constructMapType(collectionClass, typeFactory.unknownType(), typeFactory.unknownType());
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * This method should only be used if parameterization is completely unavailable.
         */
        public MapType constructRawMapType(Class<? extends Map> mapClass) {
            return constructMapType(mapClass, unknownType(), unknownType());
        }
    
        /**
         * Method that can be used to construct "raw" Map-like type; meaning that its
         * parameterization is unknown.
         * This is similar to using <code>Object.class</code> parameterization,
         * and is equivalent to calling:
         *<pre>
         *  typeFactory.constructMapLikeType(collectionClass, typeFactory.unknownType(), typeFactory.unknownType());
         *</pre>
         *<p>
         * This method should only be used if parameterization is completely unavailable.
         */
        public MapLikeType constructRawMapLikeType(Class<?> mapClass) {
            return constructMapLikeType(mapClass, unknownType(), unknownType());
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Low-level factory methods
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        private JavaType _mapType(Class<?> rawClass, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            JavaType kt, vt;
    
            // 28-May-2015, tatu: Properties are special, as per [databind#810]; fake "correct" parameter sig
            if (rawClass == Properties.class) {
                kt = vt = CORE_TYPE_STRING;
            } else {
                List<JavaType> typeParams = bindings.getTypeParameters();
                // ok to have no types ("raw")
                final int pc = typeParams.size();
                switch (pc) {
                case 0: // acceptable?
                    kt = vt = _unknownType();
                    break;
                case 2:
                    kt = typeParams.get(0);
                    vt = typeParams.get(1);
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
    "Strange Map type %s with %d type parameter%s (%s), can not resolve",
    ClassUtil.nameOf(rawClass), pc, (pc == 1) ? "" : "s", bindings));
                }
            }
            return MapType.construct(rawClass, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces, kt, vt);
        }
    
        private JavaType _collectionType(Class<?> rawClass, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            List<JavaType> typeParams = bindings.getTypeParameters();
            // ok to have no types ("raw")
            JavaType ct;
            if (typeParams.isEmpty()) {
                ct = _unknownType();
            } else if (typeParams.size() == 1) {
                ct = typeParams.get(0);
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strange Collection type "+rawClass.getName()+": cannot determine type parameters");
            }
            return CollectionType.construct(rawClass, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces, ct);
        }
    
        private JavaType _referenceType(Class<?> rawClass, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            List<JavaType> typeParams = bindings.getTypeParameters();
            // ok to have no types ("raw")
            JavaType ct;
            if (typeParams.isEmpty()) {
                ct = _unknownType();
            } else if (typeParams.size() == 1) {
                ct = typeParams.get(0);
            } else {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strange Reference type "+rawClass.getName()+": cannot determine type parameters");
            }
            return ReferenceType.construct(rawClass, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces, ct);
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method to call when no special {@link JavaType} is needed,
         * no generic parameters are passed. Default implementation may check
         * pre-constructed values for "well-known" types, but if none found
         * will simply call {@link #_newSimpleType}
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        protected JavaType _constructSimple(Class<?> raw, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            if (bindings.isEmpty()) {
                JavaType result = _findWellKnownSimple(raw);
                if (result != null) {
                    return result;
                }
            }
            return _newSimpleType(raw, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
        }
    
        /**
         * Factory method that is to create a new {@link SimpleType} with no
         * checks whatsoever. Default implementation calls the single argument
         * constructor of {@link SimpleType}.
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        protected JavaType _newSimpleType(Class<?> raw, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            return new SimpleType(raw, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
        }
    
        protected JavaType _unknownType() {
            /* 15-Sep-2015, tatu: Prior to 2.7, we constructed new instance for each call.
             *    This may have been due to potential mutability of the instance; but that
             *    should not be issue any more, and creation is somewhat wasteful. So let's
             *    try reusing singleton/flyweight instance.
             */
            return CORE_TYPE_OBJECT;
        }
    
        /**
         * Helper method called to see if requested, non-generic-parameterized
         * type is one of common, "well-known" types, instances of which are
         * pre-constructed and do not need dynamic caching.
         *
         * @since 2.7
         */
        protected JavaType _findWellKnownSimple(Class<?> clz) {
            if (clz.isPrimitive()) {
                if (clz == CLS_BOOL) return CORE_TYPE_BOOL;
                if (clz == CLS_INT) return CORE_TYPE_INT;
                if (clz == CLS_LONG) return CORE_TYPE_LONG;
            } else {
                if (clz == CLS_STRING) return CORE_TYPE_STRING;
                if (clz == CLS_OBJECT) return CORE_TYPE_OBJECT; // since 2.7
                if (clz == CLS_JSON_NODE) return CORE_TYPE_JSON_NODE; // since 2.10
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        /*
        /**********************************************************
        /* Actual type resolution, traversal
        /**********************************************************
         */
    
        /**
         * Factory method that can be used if type information is passed
         * as Java typing returned from <code>getGenericXxx</code> methods
         * (usually for a return or argument type).
         */
        protected JavaType _fromAny(ClassStack context, Type srcType, TypeBindings bindings)
        {
            JavaType resultType;
    
            // simple class?
            if (srcType instanceof Class<?>) {
                // Important: remove possible bindings since this is type-erased thingy
                resultType = _fromClass(context, (Class<?>) srcType, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
            }
            // But if not, need to start resolving.
            else if (srcType instanceof ParameterizedType) {
                resultType = _fromParamType(context, (ParameterizedType) srcType, bindings);
            }
            else if (srcType instanceof JavaType) { // [databind#116]
                // no need to modify further if we already had JavaType
                return (JavaType) srcType;
            }
            else if (srcType instanceof GenericArrayType) {
                resultType = _fromArrayType(context, (GenericArrayType) srcType, bindings);
            }
            else if (srcType instanceof TypeVariable<?>) {
                resultType = _fromVariable(context, (TypeVariable<?>) srcType, bindings);
            }
            else if (srcType instanceof WildcardType) {
                resultType = _fromWildcard(context, (WildcardType) srcType, bindings);
            } else {
                // sanity check
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unrecognized Type: "+((srcType == null) ? "[null]" : srcType.toString()));
            }
            // 21-Feb-2016, nateB/tatu: as per [databind#1129] (applied for 2.7.2),
            //   we do need to let all kinds of types to be refined, esp. for Scala module.
            return _applyModifiers(srcType, resultType);
        }
    
        protected JavaType _applyModifiers(Type srcType, JavaType resolvedType)
        {
            if (_modifiers == null) {
                return resolvedType;
            }
            JavaType resultType = resolvedType;
            TypeBindings b = resultType.getBindings();
            if (b == null) {
                b = EMPTY_BINDINGS;
            }
            for (TypeModifier mod : _modifiers) {
                JavaType t = mod.modifyType(resultType, srcType, b, this);
                if (t == null) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException(String.format(
                            "TypeModifier %s (of type %s) return null for type %s",
                            mod, mod.getClass().getName(), resultType));
                }
                resultType = t;
            }
            return resultType;
        }
    
        /**
         * @param bindings Mapping of formal parameter declarations (for generic
         *   types) into actual types
         */
        protected JavaType _fromClass(ClassStack context, Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings bindings)
        {
            // Very first thing: small set of core types we know well:
            JavaType result = _findWellKnownSimple(rawType);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
            // Barring that, we may have recently constructed an instance
            final Object key;
            if ((bindings == null) || bindings.isEmpty()) {
                key = rawType;
            } else {
                key = bindings.asKey(rawType);
            }
            result = _typeCache.get(key); // ok, cache object is synced
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
    
            // 15-Oct-2015, tatu: recursive reference?
            if (context == null) {
                context = new ClassStack(rawType);
            } else {
                ClassStack prev = context.find(rawType);
                if (prev != null) {
                    // Self-reference: needs special handling, then...
                    ResolvedRecursiveType selfRef = new ResolvedRecursiveType(rawType, EMPTY_BINDINGS);
                    prev.addSelfReference(selfRef);
                    return selfRef;
                }
                // no, but need to update context to allow for proper cycle resolution
                context = context.child(rawType);
            }
    
            // First: do we have an array type?
            if (rawType.isArray()) {
                result = ArrayType.construct(_fromAny(context, rawType.getComponentType(), bindings),
                        bindings);
            } else {
                // If not, need to proceed by first resolving parent type hierarchy
                
                JavaType superClass;
                JavaType[] superInterfaces;
    
                if (rawType.isInterface()) {
                    superClass = null;
                    superInterfaces = _resolveSuperInterfaces(context, rawType, bindings);
                } else {
                    // Note: even Enums can implement interfaces, so cannot drop those
                    superClass = _resolveSuperClass(context, rawType, bindings);
                    superInterfaces = _resolveSuperInterfaces(context, rawType, bindings);
                }
    
                // 19-Oct-2015, tatu: Bit messy, but we need to 'fix' java.util.Properties here...
                if (rawType == Properties.class) {
                    result = MapType.construct(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces,
                            CORE_TYPE_STRING, CORE_TYPE_STRING);
                }
                // And then check what flavor of type we got. Start by asking resolved
                // super-type if refinement is all that is needed?
                else if (superClass != null) {
                    result = superClass.refine(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
                }
                // if not, perhaps we are now resolving a well-known class or interface?
                if (result == null) {
                    result = _fromWellKnownClass(context, rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces); 
                    if (result == null) {
                        result = _fromWellKnownInterface(context, rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
                        if (result == null) {
                            // but if nothing else, "simple" class for now:
                            result = _newSimpleType(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            context.resolveSelfReferences(result);
            // 16-Jul-2016, tatu: [databind#1302] is solved different way, but ideally we shouldn't
            //     cache anything with partially resolved `ResolvedRecursiveType`... so maybe improve
            if (!result.hasHandlers()) {
                _typeCache.putIfAbsent(key, result); // cache object syncs
            }
            return result;
        }
    
        protected JavaType _resolveSuperClass(ClassStack context, Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings parentBindings)
        {
            Type parent = ClassUtil.getGenericSuperclass(rawType);
            if (parent == null) {
                return null;
            }
            return _fromAny(context, parent, parentBindings);
        }
    
        protected JavaType[] _resolveSuperInterfaces(ClassStack context, Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings parentBindings)
        {
            Type[] types = ClassUtil.getGenericInterfaces(rawType);
            if (types == null || types.length == 0) {
                return NO_TYPES;
            }
            int len = types.length;
            JavaType[] resolved = new JavaType[len];
            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                Type type = types[i];
                resolved[i] = _fromAny(context, type, parentBindings);
            }
            return resolved;
        }
    
        /**
         * Helper class used to check whether exact class for which type is being constructed
         * is one of well-known base interfaces or classes that indicates alternate
         * {@link JavaType} implementation.
         */
        protected JavaType _fromWellKnownClass(ClassStack context, Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            if (bindings == null) {
                bindings = EMPTY_BINDINGS;
            }
            // Quite simple when we resolving exact class/interface; start with that
            if (rawType == Map.class) {
                return _mapType(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
            }
            if (rawType == Collection.class) {
                return _collectionType(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
            }
            // and since 2.6 one referential type
            if (rawType == AtomicReference.class) {
                return _referenceType(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
            }
            // 01-Nov-2015, tatu: As of 2.7, couple of potential `CollectionLikeType`s (like
            //    `Iterable`, `Iterator`), and `MapLikeType`s (`Map.Entry`) are not automatically
            //    detected, related to difficulties in propagating type upwards (Iterable, for
            //    example, is a weak, tag-on type). They may be detectable in future.
            return null;
        }
    
        protected JavaType _fromWellKnownInterface(ClassStack context, Class<?> rawType, TypeBindings bindings,
                JavaType superClass, JavaType[] superInterfaces)
        {
            // But that's not all: may be possible current type actually implements an
            // interface type. So...
            final int intCount = superInterfaces.length;
    
            for (int i = 0; i < intCount; ++i) {
                JavaType result = superInterfaces[i].refine(rawType, bindings, superClass, superInterfaces);
                if (result != null) {
                    return result;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }
    
        /**
         * This method deals with parameterized types, that is,
         * first class generic classes.
         */
        protected JavaType _fromParamType(ClassStack context, ParameterizedType ptype,
                TypeBindings parentBindings)
        {
            // Assumption here is we'll always get Class, not one of other Types
            Class<?> rawType = (Class<?>) ptype.getRawType();
    
            // 29-Oct-2015, tatu: For performance reasons, let's streamline handling of
            //   couple of not-so-useful parametric types
            if (rawType == CLS_ENUM) {
                return CORE_TYPE_ENUM;
            }
            if (rawType == CLS_COMPARABLE) {
                return CORE_TYPE_COMPARABLE;
            }
    
            // First: what is the actual base type? One odd thing is that 'getRawType'
            // returns Type, not Class<?> as one might expect. But let's assume it is
            // always of type Class: if not, need to add more code to resolve it to Class.        
            Type[] args = ptype.getActualTypeArguments();
            int paramCount = (args == null) ? 0 : args.length;
            TypeBindings newBindings;        
    
            if (paramCount == 0) {
                newBindings = EMPTY_BINDINGS;
            } else {
                JavaType[] pt = new JavaType[paramCount];
                for (int i = 0; i < paramCount; ++i) {
                    pt[i] = _fromAny(context, args[i], parentBindings);
                }
                newBindings = TypeBindings.create(rawType, pt);
            }
            return _fromClass(context, rawType, newBindings);
        }
    
        protected JavaType _fromArrayType(ClassStack context, GenericArrayType type, TypeBindings bindings)
        {
            JavaType elementType = _fromAny(context, type.getGenericComponentType(), bindings);
            return ArrayType.construct(elementType, bindings);
        }
    
        protected JavaType _fromVariable(ClassStack context, TypeVariable<?> var, TypeBindings bindings)
        {
            // ideally should find it via bindings:
            final String name = var.getName();
            if (bindings == null) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null `bindings` passed (type variable \""+name+"\")");
            }
            JavaType type = bindings.findBoundType(name);
            if (type != null) {
                return type;
            }
            // but if not, use bounds... note that approach here is simplistic; not taking
            // into account possible multiple bounds, nor consider upper bounds.
            if (bindings.hasUnbound(name)) {
                return CORE_TYPE_OBJECT;
            }
            bindings = bindings.withUnboundVariable(name);
    
            final Type[] bounds;
    
            // 15-Jan-2019, tatu: As weird as this looks, apparently on some platforms (Arm CPU, mobile
            //    devices), unsynchronized internal access can lead to issues, see:
            //
            //  https://vmlens.com/articles/java-lang-reflect-typevariable-getbounds-is-not-thread-safe/  
            //
            //    No good way to reproduce but since this should not be on critical path, let's add
            //    syncing as it seems potentially necessary.
            synchronized (var) {
                bounds = var.getBounds();
            }
            return _fromAny(context, bounds[0], bindings);
        }
    
        protected JavaType _fromWildcard(ClassStack context, WildcardType type, TypeBindings bindings)
        {
            /* Similar to challenges with TypeVariable, we may have multiple upper bounds.
             * But it is also possible that if upper bound defaults to Object, we might
             * want to consider lower bounds instead.
             * For now, we won't try anything more advanced; above is just for future reference.
             */
            return _fromAny(context, type.getUpperBounds()[0], bindings);
        }
    }
    

    com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/type/TypeFactory.java

     

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